A Revolutionary Breakthrough in Understanding Hashimoto’s Disease and Hypothyroidism
Dr. Kharrazian’s academic and clinical research has been featured in numerous documentaries and his clinical models of functional medicine are used by several academic institutions and thousands of health care providers throughout the world.
In the following episode, with Datis:
Dr. Amy Myers is a renowned leader in functional medicine and a New York Times bestselling author of The Autoimmune Solution. She received her Doctorate in Medicine from LSU Health Sciences Center and spent 5 years working in emergency medicine before training with the Institute of Functional Medicine. Amy has helped thousands around the world recover from chronic illness through her dietary-based program, The Myers Way®.
In the following episode, Amy Talks about:
The Comprehensive Thyroid Assessment is a hormone test that provides a thorough analysis of thyroid hormone metabolism. It includes central thyroid gland regulation and activity, thyroid production and secretion, peripheral thyroid conversion, and thyroid autoimmunity. This hormone test allows the practitioner to pinpoint common imbalances that underlie a broad spectrum of chronic illness. This test analyzes serum levels of TSH, free T4, free T3, reverse T3, anti-TG antibodies, and anti-TPO antibodies to assess central and peripheral thyroid function, as well as thyroid auto-immunity. Thyroid hormones are essential and primary regulators of the body´s metabolism. Hormone imbalances can affect virtually every metabolic process in the body, exerting significant effects on mood and energy level.
Symptoms of thyroid hormone imbalances can include:
Fatigue
Depression
Coldness
Constipation
Poor skin
Headaches
PMS
Dysmenorrhea
Fluid retention
Weight gain
Anxiety/Panic attacks
Decreased memory and concentration
Muscle and joint pain
Low sex drive
Thyroid hormone function has a profound impact on overall health via:
Modulation of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
Vitamin utilization
Mitochondrial function
Digestive process
Muscle and nerve activity
Blood flow
Oxygen utilization
Hormone secretion
Sexual and reproductive health
Many other physiological parameters
Thyroid Hormone Testing
The Comprehensive Thyroid Assessment is a hormonal test which reveals imbalances that often go undetected with more limited assessments.
This thyroid hormone testing measures:
Unbound levels of T4 and T3 which reflect the bioactive portion of thyroid hormone. This hormone assessment can identify not only overt hyper-and hypothyroidism, but subtle sub-clinical manifestations of thyroid dysfunction. Reverse T3, levels of which can increase when peripheral conversion to T4 to active T3 is impaired. Peripheral thyroid imbalances may arise from nutrient shortages, heavy metal exposure, adrenal stress, enzyme deficiencies, and other chronic illness. Thyroid antibody levels, which help gauge autoimmune response and may reflect metabolic irregularities and hypothyroidism even when TSH and T4 levels appear normal. Thyroid antibody levels may rise in response to trauma, dysbiosis, inflammation (including thyroiditis) or progressive thyroid degeneration. Ensuring healthy thyroid function is clinically essential. Optimal thyroid function may help safeguard against the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and depression. Thyroid hormones also play central metabolic roles in healthy sexual and reproductive function in both women and men. Because they are essential for IGF-1 production, thyroid hormones significantly affect lipid metabolism.
TWENTY-TWO PATTERNS OF LOW THYROID FUNCTION
The Eight Thyroid Patterns by Datis Kharrazian DC, MS, FAACP, DACBN, DIBAK, CNS, CSCS, CCSP
We can simplify altered thyroid metabolism into eight patterns. These patterns include expression of altered thyroid metabolism from primary thyroid deficits, and alterations in thyroid metabolism secondary to other metabolic shifts. Please note that sometimes two patterns may coexist at the same time. For example, a patient may have thyroid underconversion at the same time as secondary hypothyroidism due to primary pituitary hypofunction. It is not realistic in the clinical setting to order a thyroid panel with all of the markers for thyroid results. So, the clinician must make decisions based on history, medication use, and possible influences of other metabolic shifts on the thyroid. For example, if a patient is on oral contraceptives the panel must include a TSH an T3U and or FT4 and/or FT3. It is always necessary to order a TSH with all panels, since it is the key marker that will distinguish primary thyroid tissue deficits from secondary influences from other metabolic disorders. Please also note that positive antibodies may be concomitantly involved with any one of these thyroid patterns, although it is always positive with thyroid hyperfunction.
1. Hypothyroidism
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Elevated Total T4 (TT4) = Normal or Low
Free T4 (FT4) = Normal of Low
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Normal or Low Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = Normal or Low
Free T3 (FT3) = Normal or Low
Reverse T3 (rT3) = Normal
Thyroid Antibodies = negative or positive
Commentary:
An elevated TSH is all that is required to diagnose primary hypothyroidism. The T3 and T4 levels either protein bound or free fraction are irrelevant. Remember, the pituitary will increase its TSH release if the thyroid tissue is dysfunctional. Many times the thyroid may compensate at the time of the test by presenting normal T3 and T4 levels, but if the TSH is elevated it is a primary hypothyroid case because the pituitary is overworking in attempt to improve thyroid output.
Nutritional Considerations with Primary Hypothyroidism:
Further Commentary:
Many thyroid hypofunction patterns may be managed functionally with proper nutritional support. The clinician must repeat the TSH in 30 days while the patient is on the above protocol to make sure the patient is capable of functional management. If the TSH is reduced to a normal limit, the patient may decrease the dosage of the above protocol and have repeat testing of TSH. At some point the clinician should be able to determine the proper dosage of supplementation to maintain the TSH. At times, the patient may not respond to the above protocol, and the clinician may need to consider natural thyroid replacement, or rule out an autoimmune thyroid. Remember, anytime a patient has positive thyroid antibodies, nutritional or replacement support for the thyroid will not make major changes in reducing thyroid symptoms. Patients with positive antibodies against their thyroid must be treated as an immune patient. Note that the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States is secondary to post Hashimoto’s.
2. Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Low Total T4 (TT4) = Normal or Elevated
Free T4 (FT4) = Normal or Elevated
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Normal or Elevated Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = Normal
Free T3 (FT3) = Normal or Elevated Reverse T3 (rT3) = Normal
Thyroid Antibodies = Positive
Commenttary:
A patient that presents with hyperthyroidism must be co-managed by a physician with the scope of practice to manage the acute thyroid pharmaceutically. The clinician that ignores the progression of hypothyroidism may be putting the patient at increased risk for complications such as thyrotoxicosis. Also, if the patient’s auto- inflammatory reaction is not quenched immediately the patient will have an increased potential to have thyroid tissue lost. Natural agents may be used adjunctively with appropriate medical management based on individual cases.
Nutritional Adjunct Support:
1. K-17 Testanex: 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3-6x a day
2. K-23 Super Oxicell: 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3-6x a day
3. Secondary Hypothyroidism to Primary Pituitary Hypofunction
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = salivary is below reference range or serum is below 1.8
Total T4 (TT4) = Normal or Low
Free T4 (FT4) = Normal or Low
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Normal or Low Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = Normal
Free T3 (FT3) = Normal or Low
Reverse T3 (rT3) = Normal
Thyroid Antibodies = Negative
Commentary:
These patterns are common with many patients with subtle symptoms of low thyroid function. These patterns are usually related to one of four causes. The first and most common cause is from chronic adrenal axis dysregulation. Elevations in cortisol have been found to have suppressive impacts on the pituitary. Many times patients with adrenal exhaustion (low cortisol) have this thyroid/pituitary pattern, because on their way to adrenal exhaustion their pituitary was exposed to chronic elevations of cortisol in the alarm and maladaptation phases. Clinically, it appears in addition to supporting their thyroid/pituitary axis the adrenal disorder (hyper of hypofunction) must be resolved.
A second cause of this pattern is related to post-partum expression. During pregnancy there are fluctuation and demands place on all hormones and feedback loops. Sometimes women will have this pattern develop after a pregnancy. In their history, they will usually exhibit symptoms of low thyroid function and metabolism after the birth of their child.
A third cause of this pattern is a patient that was inappropriately placed on thyroid hormones. Many doctors today are placing patients on thyroid hormones to manage symptoms of slow metabolism, despite a normal thyroid panel. Their logic being that the low thyroid symptoms are subclinical and therefore the labs are not demonstrating the thyroid dysfunction. Many of these patients feel better initially, but after several months many of them develop thyroid receptor site resistance and have a reoccurrence of their symptoms and therefore stop replacement. Some of these patients in the process develop an altered pituitary/thyroid feedback loop that does not resolve normal function again and therefore develop this pattern.
A fourth cause of this pattern is secondary to heavy metal toxicity, but it is not a common cause of this pattern. It would be wise for the clinician to investigate and manage the three previous patterns before attempting to identify and manage patterns of heavy metal burden. Not to say that the management of a heavy metal burden is not common or important, but rather the three previous causes are more common for the expression of this pattern.
4. Thyroid Underconversion
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Normal
Total T4 (TT4) = Normal, High End of Normal Range or High
Free T4 (FT4) = Normal, High End of Normal Range or High
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Normal, High End of Normal Range or High Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = Low
Free T3 (FT3) = Low
Reverse T3 (rT3) = Low
Thyroid Antibodies = Negative
Nutritional Support:
1. K-22 Oxicell: 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3x a day
2. K-9 Thyro-CNV: 2 capsules, 3x a day
3. K-16 Adrenacalm: 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3x a day
Commentary:
Thyroid underconversion is a very common pattern and it is usually found with elevations of cortisol or increased lipid perioxidation. Elevations of cortisol are found in adrenal alarm and maladaptation patterns. However, if a patient is found in adrenal exhaustion, many times the 5’ diodinase enzyme has been down-regulated from prior expressions of elevated cortisol. Increased lipid perioxidation also has the potential to exhibit and underconversion pattern. Lipid perioxidation is the consequence of an inflammatory event or reduced antioxidant status. The Oxidata Test from Apex Energetics can be used to measure MDA levels, which are a marker for lipid perioxidation status. With all patterns in which increased lipid perioxidation is suspected, until the source of infection/inflammation is identified and managed, Oxicell is recommended.
5. Thyroid Overconversion
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Normal
Total T4 (TT4) = Normal, Low End of Normal Range, or Low
Free T4 (FT4) = Normal, Low End of Normal Range, or Low
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Normal, Low End of Normal Range, or Low Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = High or High End of Normal Range
Free T3 (FT3) = High or High End of Normal Range
Reverse T3 (rT3) = Normal
Thyroid Antibodies = Negative
Nutritional Support
(Manage Insulin Resistance)
1. Glysen: 2-3 tablets, 3x a day with meals
2. Omega Co-3: 2 tablespoons, 3x a day
3. Adaptocrine: 2 tablets, 3x a day
4. Adrenacalm: 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3x a day
Nutritional Support
(Manage Androgen Replacement Overload)
1. K-10 Metacrin-DX: 2 tablets, 3x a day
2. K-11 Bilemin: 2 tablets, 3x a day
3. K-14 Methyl-SP: 2 tablets, 3x a day
Commentary: Androgenic overexposure tends to up-regulate the expression of 5’diodinase, the enzyme responsible for converting T4 into T3. Chronic elevations of T3 have been found clinically to cause thyroid resistance syndromes, therefore although the elevation of T3 may seem beneficial, the patient presents with symptoms of low thyroid function due to resistance from increased T3 production. This pattern is usually found in women suffering from the androgenic drives caused by insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Chronic elevations of insulin tend to up-regulate the enzyme 17,20 lyase in the theca cells of the ovaries and promote androgenic drives. The management of this thyroid disorder is to manage the insulin resistance.
If a patient is type II diabetic and on exogenous insulin replacement, this pattern is also possible. With these patients, attempts made to decrease their insulin needs via diet, nutritional supplementation, and exercise are crucial. Sometimes the elevations of androgens causing this pattern are not from androgenic drives from hyperinsulinemia, but rather from increased intake of exogenous testosterone or precursors such as testosterone. In these cases the dosage needs to be modified and support of both phase I and II liver detoxification is recommended.
6. Thyroid Biding Hormone Elevations
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Normal Total T4 (TT4) = Normal
Free T4 (FT4) = Low
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Low or Normal Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = Low
Free T3 (FT3) = Low
Reverse T3 (rT3) = Normal Thyroid Antibodies = Negative
Nutritional Support for Elevated Estrogens:
1. K-5 Estrovite: 2 capsules, 3x a day
2. K-14 Methyl-SP: 2 capsules, 3x a day
3. K-10 Metacrin-DX: 2 capsules, 3x a day 4. K-11 Bilemin: 2 capsules, 3x a day
*** Eliminating exposure to exogenous estrogens needs to be considered ***
Commentary:
This pattern is common from elevations of estrogens. It is usually from exogenous estrogen exposure such as oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Elevations of estrogen increase thyroid hormone binding and therefore the free T3, T4 and T3 Uptake are reduced. At times this pattern may be found in males if they are aromatizing their testosterone into estrogens, but it is not common.
7. Thyroid Resistance
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Normal Total T4 (TT4) = Normal
Free T4 (FT4) = Normal
Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) = Normal
Resin T3 Uptake (T3U) = Normal Free T3 (FT3) = Normal
Reverse T3 (rT3) = Normal Thyroid Antibodies = Normal
Commentary:
This pattern is found in patients that present with symptoms of low thyroid hormone function but with perfectly normal lab tests. These patterns are usually caused by elevations in cortisol. Elevations in cortisol down-regulate the thyroid alpha 1 and 2 receptor sites. Management of these patterns require correction of the adrenal axis drive and adjunct support to decrease cortisol like Adrenacalm. Vitamin A and D inadequacy may alter thyroid receptor rite resistance. Thyroxal is abundant in vitamin A and D and should be considered in these cases. Elevated homocysteine may also cause some degree of thyroid resistance and using Methyl-SP should be considered. Thyroid resistance is also created at times when a patient’s exogenous replacement of thyroid hormones is not being be appropriately monitored.
Nutritional Considerations for Thyroid Resistacne
1. K-14 Methyl-SP: 2 capsules, 3x a day
3. K-12 Thyroxal: 2 capsules, 3x a day
4. K-16 Adrenacalm: 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3x a day 5. K-2 Adaptocrine: 2 capsules, 3x a day
8. Autoimmune Thyroid (Not Hyperthyroid)
Thyroid Antibodies = Positive
Any other thyroid pattern may co-exist
Commentary: Any time you see antibodies (TPO Ab) for the thyroid as positive you must manage the patient as an autoimmune patient not a thyroid patient. Any potential causes for an individual immune expression should be considered such as heavy metals, infections (virus, parasite, bacteria, yeast), dysglycemia, food intolerances, chemical exposures, liver detoxification, etc. These patients may benefit from Oxicell and Thyroxal as adjunct nutritional support until the causes are found. Performing the clearvite program may be a great place to start. It will help decrease gastrointestinal-hepatic- immune wind-up and act as elimination/provocation diet.
Adjunct Nutritional Support:
1. K-12 Thyroxal: two capsules, three times a day 2. K-22 Oxicell: 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 teaspoon, 3x a day
3. K-21 Clearvite Program (three weeks)
The relationship between thyroid health and cardiac health has been known since 18831. In mainstream medicine, it is typical to treat each organ system as its own entity hence the creation of a specialist in an “ology” practice. Yet, the body is a whole. This is especially true with thyroid and cardiac health. A patient could typically see an endocrinologist only to be referred to a cardiologist. If you have thyroid disease, you should know there are risks with either having an overactive or underactive thyroid gland. It is more often seen with hyperthyroidism and/or Graves’ disease. But, it can reveal itself in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Studies suggest that too much thyroid hormones can lead to high blood pressure and clotting problems. On the other hand too little can instigate high cholesterol and inflammation.
In a recent meta-analysis of over 55 cohort studies, with approximately 2 million people involved, patients that had hypothyroidism compared to euthyroidism (normal thyroid function) had higher risks of ischemic heart disease and cardiac mortality4.
Key Insight: Low thyroid hormone levels can slow your heart down. They can then cause the arteries to become less elastic leading to high blood pressure.
Thyroid hormones help the liver break down lipids and reduce the number of triglycerides (fat in the blood). Thyroid hormones also assist in cellular metabolism. If there is a reduction in the amount of circulating thyroid hormones, this will slow down metabolism.
This can occur for a number of reasons, including:
Some case-controlled studies have demonstrated that having TSH levels > 4, the higher the chances of coronary heart disease seen. If you are low in thyroid hormones, you can have elevated cholesterol levels, especially the low-density one called LDL. In addition, higher TSH levels are typically present in obese patients.
Too much thyroid hormones such as T4 and T3 can cause heart palpitations and predispose you to a heart condition known as Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib). This leads to overstimulation of thyroid hormones on the heart. Ultimately, this causes it to beat irregularly.